TENSES
Dalam bahasa inggris,
digunakan pola kata kerja yang berbeda dalam suatu kalimat, yang disesuaikan
waktu pengerjaan suatu kegiatan. Berikut akan diuraikan mengenai 8 jenis tenses
yang paling sering ditemui dalam soal maupun dalam percakapan sehari-hari.
A. Present
Agar mudah ingatlah tabel subjek dan
predikat dibawah ini:
|
subyek
|
to be
|
to do
|
to have
|
to verb
|
|
I
|
Am
|
Do
|
Have
|
Go
|
|
We, You, They
|
Are
|
Do
|
Have
|
Go
|
|
He, She, It
|
Is
|
Does
|
Has
|
Goes
|
1. Simple
Present Tense
a. Formula
|
SUBJECT + V1 / (am
/ are) + ...
|
Subyek:
I, You, We, They
Contoh:
- I am
a doctor. I work in hospital everyday
- ‘I
never eat meat’, he explained
- They celebrate it
every year
- I watch television
until ten o’clock
- We go to the lake
every month
|
SUBJECT + V1 / (s / es) + ...
|
Subyek: He,
She, It
Contoh:
- He is a policeman. He works at the
police station
- He reads before going
to bed
- He cleans the house
every day
- Amry always plays badminton every
Saturday
- The teacher explains
clearly
b. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu)
- Every (morning/ minute/ day/ hour/
week/ month/ year)
- Once/ twice/ three times
- a (day/ week/ month/ year)
c. Penggunaan
- Menyatakan kebiasaan atau kegiatan
yang terjadi terus-menerus (habitual action)
Contoh: My niece wakes up at 5 in the
morning
- Menyatakan kebenaran umum (general
truth)
Contoh: The sky is blue
- Menyatakan sesuatu yang sifatnya
pasti atau tetap misalnya, jadwal
Contoh: The train arrives at 7pm
- Dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio
dan sejenisnya
Contoh: When Yesya Aprilla reading a novel,
the door knocks, she opens it and looks no one there...
2.
Present
Continous Tense
a. Formula
|
SUBJECT + TO BE (is / am / are) + V-ing (BEING) +
...
|
Contoh:
- That kid is looking at me
- They aren’t studying
English now
- We’re
eating in a luxury restaurant tonight. We’ve already booked the table
- They
can play golf with you tomorrow. They’re not working
- She
is not staying in Medan
b. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu)
- Now, this afternoon, this evening,
at this time, at the moment, right now
- Kata kerja seperti: Look!, Listen!,
Watch!, Notice! (imperative)
c. Penggunaan
·
Menyatakan peristiwa
yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu sekarang
Contoh: it is raining now
·
Menyatakan
kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan belum tentu sedang berlangsung ketika
pernyataan dikemukakan
Contoh: I am leaving for Jakarta and going
to Bali tomorrow
3.
Present
Perfect Tense
a. Formula
|
SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + V3 + ...
|
Contoh:
- We have sent the message
- They have worked all night
- Yesya has finished her homework
- My parents have lived in Jakarta for
ten years
- Satria has been here since last
month
b. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu)
- Since...
- for...
- recently
- just (baru saja)
- lately
- up to the present (hingga sekarang)
- yet (hingga kini)
- so far (hingga kini)
c. Penggunaan
·
Menyatakan
suatu perbuatan yang sudah selesai dilakukan sekarang
Contoh: We have caught the thieves
·
Menyatakan
peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan lagi di waktu yang akan
datang
Contoh: I have seen that theater
·
Untuk
menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan baru saja berakhir
waktu bicara
Contoh: He hasn’t met his wife for a month
(sekarang mereka sudah bertemu)
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
a. Formula
|
SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN +
V-ing (BEING) + ...
|
Contoh:
-
I
have been teaching english since last year
-
I
have been reading this book for one hour
-
They
have been swimming for ten minutes
-
She
has been studying since this morning
-
Ami
has been cooking for thirty minutes
b. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu)
- For... - for the last...
- since... - for ... now
- all the moments - the whole day, etc
c. Penggunaan
·
Menyatakan
suatu perbuatan yang dimulai dilakukan pada masa lampau, sekarang masih
dilakukan, dan ada kemungkinan masih akan dilanjutkan
Contoh: Ami have been studying for two hours
·
Untuk kata
kerja ‘live’ Present Perfect Continuous mempunyai arti sama dengan Present
Perfect
Contoh: A student in S1 Gunadarma has been living
in Depok for four yerars = A student in S1 Gunadarma has lived in Depok for
four years (A student in S1 Gunadarma still live in Jakarta now)
B. Past
1. Simple Past Tense
a. Formula
|
SUBJECT + V2 (WAS / WERE) + ...
|
Contoh:
- Sarifah
was a bad girl
- Bakti
bought this ‘taxing book’ at gramedia yesterday
- Riski
looked for his father this morning
- My
mother was in the kitchen
- You were invited yesterday
b. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu)
- Last week/ month/ year
- ...ago, two hours ago, some time ago
- this afternoon, this evening, this morning
- just now,
- once upon time,
- someday, oneday, yesterday, etc
c. Penggunaan
·
Menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada
waktu tertentu dimasa lampau
Contoh: I went to America last year
·
Menyatakan
suatu kebiasaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau
Contoh: Riri always used his pink umbrella
last week
2. Past Continuous Tense
a. Formula
|
SUBJECT + WAS / WERE + V-ing (BEING)
+ ...
|
Contoh:
- I were typing the letter when he
came
- At this time last week i was
swimming
- Riri was writing letter while her
younger brother was sleeping
- He was watching
television all afternoon last week
- They weren’t talking
about sport when I met him
b. Penggunaan
·
Menyatakan
suatu peristiwa yang sedang terjadi di
waktu tertentu di masa lampau
Contoh: Satria was washing the car
·
Menyatakan
suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau ketika kegiatan lain
terjadi dua kegiatan ini dihubungkan dengan kata hubung when/as
Contoh: I was listening to the music when my
brother suddenly whooshed in
·
Menyatakan
kejadian yang terjadi bersamaan di waktu lampau, dua kegiatan ini dihubungkan
oleh tanda hubung while
Contoh: Amry was playing with robots while
Yesya was acting as a nurse
3. Past Perfect Tense
a. Formula
|
SUBJECT + HAD + V3 (BEEN) + ...
|
Contoh:
- I had eaten before I went to campus
- When she had sung her song, she sat
down
- After we had homework, we took rest
- Iafter he had chosen all he wanted,
he paid them
- When my brother arrived,
I had painted my motor cycle
b. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu)
- When (diikuti oleh past tense)
Contoh: Ami had come ti the room when the
celebration started
- Before (diikuti oleh past tense)
Contoh: Before she had started to sing, she
got down the stage
- After (diikuti oleh past perfect)
Contoh: I brushedmy teeth after i had eaten
breakfast
c. Penggunaan
·
Menyatakan
suatu peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya muncul di masa
lampau, untuk dua kegiatan yang berkelanjutan
Contoh:
·
Menyatakan
suatu peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu hingga kedua terjadi pada
waktu lampau
Contoh: Riri had waited for an hour when
Amry arrived from Alfamart
·
Menyatakan
kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang sebelum peristiwa kedua muncul di waktu
lampau
Contoh: Satria had given Rahmi some medicine
for a week, before he took Rahmi to the hospital
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
a. Formula
|
SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + V-ing (BEING)
+ ...
|
Contoh:
- Yesya had been working for five
hours when Bakti came to her room
- He was tired because he had been
working since working
- I saw him when he had been breaking
the glass
- They came when i had been finishing
my job
- When they washed my
dress, your father hadn’t been playing badminton
b. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu)
- When + s + v2, s + had + been +
v-ing + for...
- Before + s + had + been + v-ing +
for...
- After + s + had + been + v-ing, s + v2
+ for...
c. Penggunaan
·
Menyatakan
dua peristiwa berkelanjutan di masa lampau, peristiwa pertama sedang
berlangsung dan bisa jadi selesai tepat peristiwa kedua terjadi
Contoh: Amry had been playing piano for an
hour when her mom called her
Sumber buku: DSV Production Indonesia
